The Shadow DSM
This Document Is Currently a Work in Progress
In a Nutshell
A reader wrote me with the following comment: "Encountering these psychologists and psyd's trolling usenet incited me to suspect those who become psychoT's and psyd's might have even bigger psych
problems then the majority of their clients have."
While many people become psychologists to understand their own issues, I would not hit this point too hard. I do think however there are desires and insecurities associated with being a psychology professional (i.e., a 'professional neurosis.' I think psychological training, the process of socializing students into the academic and professional culture of Psychology, reinforces these desires and insecurities in those students who show a clear predisposition toward them and nurtures them among those students in whom the insecurities are undeveloped. I also think too many of the professionals manage these desires and insecurities poorly, cloaking themselves in an ever-widening nucleus of shared expectations -- arbitrary and superfluous conventions -- that have less standing in science than in the therapeutic benefits of solidarity and expediency. By surrendering their wits and freedoms in exchange for membership in a community and access to its one-size-fits-all sources of guidance, validation, and identity, psychology professors never grapple with issues of self-growth and personal development. They never have to deal with themselves as individuals and, in their use of gang-banging evaluation procedures, never have to personally confront, as "individuals," either their own insecurities or the rogue student whose unconventionality or independent thinking reawakens the self-doubts. And so I guess you can say that this professional neurosis gets the best of them.
I spell this out in three documents on my web site in which I argue that psychology professors suffer a 'professional analogue' of DSM disorders, and by that I mean members of Psychology's academic and professional communities exemplify the same tendencies they deem 'pathological' in their clients, whether it be obsessive-compulsiveness, anxiety, or identity crisis and diffusion. (Also, I refer elsewhere on my web site to psychological inquiry as 'ADHD Science' and 'autistic empiricism'). As a community, psychologists are not as much pathological as they are lacking in personal development and maturation. Professional training has a way of stunting their own individual maturation processes. This does not mean necessarily that those who enter Psychology have a vaccuum where there would otherwise be a 'self-in-progress.' Some do. Others are reinforced during training to suspend this development, because to do so makes it somewhat easier for them to play the game of Simon Says. Now while ALL professionals across fields have to conform to a certain code (e.g., surviving boot camp is simpler for recruits who lack a sense of individuality), the interesting point that I am making is that when we play the game of Simon Says with human nature itself, this wreaks havoc with the individual natures of those who play the game. Those who excel at this game, well, they either have to lack self-direction and intrinsic motivation, or they have to surrender it to leap training hurdles and achieve professional milestones. I am not sure which is worse.
* * *
You may have heard me refer to Psychology's academic and professional communities as personality disorder cocktails. While Borderline Personality Disorder is the most fitting label to hang on these communities, individual academics and practitioners exhibit "professional analogues" of a variety of mental disorders that comprise their own DSM (i.e., diagnostic and statistical manual) -- Axis I, Axis II, and even new disorders yet to be discovered in them. Let's examine a few of them.
DSM's "Paranoid Personality Disorder"
A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:
- suspects, without sufficient basis, that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving him or her is preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates
- is reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fear that the information will be used maliciously against him or her
reads hidden demeaning or threatening meanings into benign remarks or events
persistently bears grudges, i.e., is unforgiving of insults, injuries, or slights
- perceives attacks on his or her character or reputation that are not apparent to others and is quick to react angrily or to counterattack
- has recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual partner
Diagnosing the Diagnostician: "Paranoid Personality Disorder" among Faculty
A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness seeking second-hand or scant information that a person (student/colleague) is (a) undeserving of membership in the academic/professional community or (b) constitutes a risk or threat to the community interests, as indicated by four (or more) of the following in the professor:
- suspects, without sufficient basis, that a student or colleague
harbors an appreciation for a practice or point of view inconsistent with those prescribed by and for the psychological community
- preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of the student or colleague in question
- preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the fit or professionalism of the student or colleague in question
- engages in behaviors that suggest he or she is building a case against the student or colleague in question; often in anticipation of defense, presents the target's words, choices, or works as a pattern indicative of a misfit, imposter, or charlatan
- responds with irritability or dysphoria to actions by the person in question (who may be oblivious to the suspicion and impending recrimination) that normally elicit sympathetic feelings or favorable/congenial behaviors (e.g., compliments, flattery, pleasantness). Irritability may be response to inner conflict or to suspicion that he or she is being deceived and can fuel a growing dislike.
- engages in behaviors that suggest he or she is building a case against the student or colleague in question; often in anticipation of defense, presents the target as a representative of an approach or entity that is generally regarded as extraneous to the psychological community
- invokes desiderata such as 'public interest or trust,' 'professionalism,' or 'standards' in the name of which he or she treats the person in question as a threat or risk
- shows an indifference to new facts or circumstances which may mitigate, explain, or potentially exonerate the student
- acts on an intention to spread the distrust among peers in the community (e.g., end-of-term student evaluation meeting); may surreptitiously consult with favorably disposed peers in preparation for a meeting or forum in which he or she anticipates resistance to his or her distrust
- driven by loathing brought on by fear and negative fantasies that the person in question, who may be guilty, may be getting away with something; fervently gathers circumstantial evidence to shield himself or herself from awarness that he or she may have erred in the direction of guilt
- driven by loathing brought on by fear and negative fantasies that the person in question, who may be guilty, may be getting away with something; fervently gathers circumstantial evidence to shield himself or herself from awarness that he or she may have erred in the direction of guilt
- takes the (possible) professional indiscretion or incompatibility personally, reading hidden, demeaning, or threatening meanings into benign remarks or events; perceives all deviations, including those exhibited by novices or in the absence of explicit guidelines, as attacks on those entities (e.g., profession or reputation) from which he or she derives identity and legitimacy
- persistently bears grudges, i.e., is unforgiving of insults, injuries, or slights
DSM's "Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder"
A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:
- is preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, organization, or schedules to the extent that the major point of the activity is lost
- shows perfectionism that interferes with task completion (e.g., is unable to complete a project because his or her own overly strict standards are not met)
- is excessively devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure activities and friendships (not accounted for by obvious economic necessity)
- is overconscientious, scrupulous, and inflexible about matters of morality, ethics, or values (not accounted for by cultural or religious identification)
- is unable to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when they have no sentimental value
- is reluctant to delegate tasks or to work with others unless they submit to exactly his or her way of doing things
- adopts a miserly spending style toward both self and others; money is viewed as something to be hoarded for future catastrophes
- shows rigidity and stubbornness
Diagnosing the Diagnostician: "Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder" among Faculty
A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:
is preoccupied with APA formatting rules, binary null-hypothesis testing, rigor, parsimony, textbooks, multimedia formula, inferential/confirmatory statistics and other formalisms to the extent that the major point of Psychology is lost, the points being the servicing of clients and the production of knowledge that reflects an adequate exploration of psychologistic phenomena
shows perfectionism that interferes with task completion, as exemplified by the following:
is unable to complete graduate school in less than 6 years because he or she has not yet published or compiled enough of a teaching CV)
is unable to look favorably on the candidacy of an applicant who has not established relationships with external sources of funding, published x number of articles, or taught y number of courses
is indisposed or unable to detect potential in an applicant who has not yet achieved professional standing
is willing to cast aspersions on peers or students who have not dotted all the is and crossed all the ts (not accounted for by obvious external pressures)
is overconscientious, scrupulous, and inflexible about matters of morality, ethics, or values (e.g. punishing a new student for inappropriate self-disclosure in a classroom role play exercise when the student has not been apprised of this norm and when the norm is actually not in the Ethics code)
appreciates worthless research for its pseudo-scientific sheen (e.g., impeccable deployment of design principles and statistics
is not reluctant to delegate tasks despite the fact others will be exepcted to submit to exactly his or her way of doing things
adopts a miserly style with respect to doling out appreciation for the intrinsic worth of others; there is only one right way to approach teaching, research, or mental health delivery and validation and legitimacy is viewed as something to be hoarded as part of a zero-sum contest for jobs and other amenities like reputation
shows rigidity and stubbornness
DSM's "Dependent Personality Disorder"
A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:
has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others
needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of his or her life
has difficulty expressing disagreement with others because of fear of loss of support or approval. Note: Do not include realistic fears of retribution.
has difficulty initiating projects or doing things on his or her own (because of a lack of self-confidence in judgment or abilities rather than a lack of motivation or energy)
goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support from others, to the point of volunteering to do things that are unpleasant
feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone because of exaggerated fears of being unable to care for himself or herself
urgently seeks another relationship as a source of care and support when a close relationship ends
is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to take care of himself or herself
Diagnosing the Diagnostician: "Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder" among Faculty
A pervasive and excessive dependence on support or validation of others in the field, which leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation, beginning by early admission to graduate school and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:
- difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others or without reference to a manual
or memorandum
- needs other professionals to assume responsibility for most major areas of his or her career
- difficulty expressing disagreement with other professionals because of fear of loss of support or approval, as illustrated when they refuse
to attend meeting in which they anticipate a defense of embattled student or proégé.
(Note: Do not include realistic fears of retribution).
- difficulty initiating projects or doing things on his or her own (because of a lack of self-confidence in judgment or abilities rather than a lack of motivation or energy). (If professor must be member of research team, team must include more than three members and professor must not be primary or secondary author).
- goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support from others, to the point of volunteering to do things that are morally or intellectually bankrupt (e.g., running the overhead projector for a professor at a regional conference in exchange for being footnoted)
- feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone because of exaggerated fears of being unable to care for his or her own vocation
(Note: to meet this criterion, a professor must have a vocation)
- selected Psychology from a buffet of career choices because "you have to major in something," "I just want to help people," "medicine is too demanding," or "my sister has this thing called bipolar disorder."
- favors CBT or REBT because it is reimbursed by managed care or because of the ease with which it can be manualized and deployed for training purposes
- relishes classroom activities that involve group discussion or take home exams that encourage or permit collaboration with peers or copying from sources
- is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to produce his or her own ideas
- defends the status quo (e.g., NHTS or APA style) with reference to the statement "this is the way we've been doing things for years," "this facilitates communication or integration," or "we can't have everyone doing his or her own thing"
- is quick to join an authority or group in condemning unconventional thinking or behavior as "unprofessional," often with vague references to protecting the welfare of the psychological community or public interest
- culturally embedded in psychological community; treats as an assault on one's character any criticism of the science or profession of Psychology in the persona of which he or she basks and from which he or she borrows an identity or sense of self
- paralyzed by undefined or ambiguous instructions, aggressively seeking out expectations for frivolous details or assumes punishment for actions taken in the absence of instructions
DSM's "Sedative Abuse"
A destructive pattern of sedative use, leading to significant social, occupational, or medical impairment.
Must have three (or more) of the following, occurring when the sedative use was at its worst:
Sedative tolerance: Either need for markedly increased amounts of sedative to achieve intoxication, or markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of sedative.
Sedative withdrawal symptoms: Either (a) or (b).
(a) Two (or more) of the following, developing within several hours to a few days of reduction in heavy or prolonged sedative use:
- sweating or rapid pulse
- increased hand tremor
- insomnia
- nausea or vomiting
- physical agitation
- anxiety
- transient visual, tactile, or auditory hallucinations or illusions
- grand mal seizures
(b) Sedative is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.
Greater use of sedative than intended: Sedative was often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended
Unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control sedative use: Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control sedative use
Great deal of time spent in using sedative, or recovering from hangovers
Sedative caused reduction in social, occupational or recreational activities: Important social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced because of sedative use.
Continued using sedative despite knowing it caused significant problems: Continued sedative use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been worsened by sedative.
Diagnosing the Diagnostician: "Sedative Abuse" in the Psychological Community
A destructive pattern (prevalent in academic circles) in which the professors systematically use science to de-emphasize or deliberately omit the role of human passions, values, and experiences from the study of psychology,
leading to a significantly irrelevant and impaired field of study.
Must have three (or more) of the following, occurring when the sedative use was at its worst:
Sedative tolerance: Either need for markedly increased amounts of falsifiability to achieve skepticism or markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of rigor.
Sedative withdrawal symptoms (i.e., scientific rigor mortis). Four (or more) of the following, developing within several hours to a few days of reduction in heavy or prolonged scientific doctrine:
- increased parsimony
- illusion in which Occam's razor is confused for rationality
- insomnia or inability to remember dreams despite excessive REM (or non-vivid and non-lucid dreams baring resemblance to physical features of [or level of awareness in] waking reality)
- heightened knack for triggering gag reflex in persons without this disorder
- grand mal seizures in frontal area and cortex masking hypo-activity in limbic system
- increased level of romantic attraction to primates (usually comorbid with test tube fetish and boorish sense of humor in which the person is aroused only by jokes combining sex with substance use)
- hyposensitivity to gas light from bunson burner
- inability to resist compulsion to cut up frogs purchased on foundation grants
- regression to stage of cognitive development characterized by absence of formal operations; unable to reason abstractly (i.e., in reference to concepts that are not labeled by numbers or identical with observations of brain structures or behaviors)
- brain-freeze; the tendency to stop thinking when observing the brain or brain-related output from instruments (e.g., EEG) in accordance with a primitive assumption that the observed will do the thinking for them
Encourages community to mistake massive framework of arbitrary and superfluous norms for scientific requirements
Enforces observance of these norms long after peers stop thinking independently and after the bureaucratizing and homogenizing effects of these norms has become apparent in any of the following areas:
- student and faculty selection/evaluation
- academic or professional training/accreditation
- knowledge production
DSM's "Social Phobia"
- A marked and persistent fear of one or more social and performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or to possible scrutiny by others. The individual fears that he or she will act in a way (or show anxiety symptoms) that will be humiliating or embarrassing.
Note: In children, there must be evidence of the capacity for age-appropriate social relationships with familiar people and the anxiety must occur in peer settings, not just in interactions with adults.
- Exposure to the feared social situation almost invariably provokes anxiety, which may take the form of a situationally bound or predisoposed Panic Attack. Note: In children, the anxiety may be expressed by crying, tantrums, freezing, or shrinking from social situations with unfamiliar people.
- The person recognizes that the fear is excessive or unreasonable.
Note: In children, this feature may be absent
- The feared social or performance situation are avoided or else are endured with intense anxiety or distress
- The avoidance, anxious anticipation, or distress in the feared social or performance situation(S) interferes significantly with the person's normal routine, occupational (academic) functioning, or social activities or relationships, or there is marked distress about having the phobia.
- In individuals under age 18 years, the duration is at least 6 months
- The fear or avoidance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition and is not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., Panic Disorder With or Without Agoraphobia, Separation Anxiety Disorder, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, a Pervasive Developmental Disorder, or Schizoid Personality Disorder).
- If a general medical condition or another mental disorder is present, the fear in Criterion A is unrelated to it, e.g., the fear is not of Stuttering, trembling in Parkinson's disease, or exhibiting abnormal eating behavior in Anorexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa
Diagnosing the Diagnostician: "Social Phobia" in the Psychological Community
- marked and persistent fear of one or more social or performance situation in which the professor is exposed to unfamiliar ideas or to possible scrutiny by others. The professor fears that he or she will find himself or herself in a situation in which his or her ideas are not the only ideas or in
a situation in which his or her ideas will not prevail. This is perceived as a humiliating or embarrassing circumstance, and professors exhibit anxiety symptoms aimed to take the offensive, asserting their ideas by subjecting the ideas or personalities of students to intense scrutiny in a formal evaluation setting.
Note: There is considerable evidence that the capacity for age-appropriate social relationships is severely impaired. In children -- I mean -- in students, may also be manifested as a fear the professor will not appreciate an effort at drive-by brown-nosing.
- maintains rigid control of curriculum, classroom, or epistemology to avoid being upstaged or rendered obsolete by someone who stepped outside the box
- will not enter into a discussion or activity that is not subject to formal norms or guidelines (e.g., will not talk human nature around the water cooler out of fear of triggered repressed diversity of opinions or pet theories in conversant, making the psyche the 800 lb. gorilla in the psychology department)
- will sacrifice an embattled protege to avoid escalating tensions or disharmony within the end-of-term student evaluation meeting
DSM's "Bipolar Disorder"
The essential feature of Bipolar Disorder is a clinical course that is characterized by the occurrence of one or more Major Depressive Episodes accompanied by at least one Manic Episode.
Criteria for Major Depressive Episode
Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.
- markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day (as indicated by either subjective account or observation made by others)
- significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., a change of more than 5% of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day. Note: In children, consider failure to make expected weight gains.
- insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
- psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (observable by others, not merely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed down)
- fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
- feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may be delusional) nearly every day (not merely self-reproach or guilt about being sick)
- diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day (either by subjective account or as observed by others)
- recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide
- The symptoms do not meet criteria for a Mixed Episode.
- The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
- The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition (e.g., hypothyroidism).
- The symptoms are not better accounted for by bereavement, i.e., after the loss of a loved one, the symptoms persist for longer than 2 months or are characterized by marked functional impairment, morbid preoccupation with worthlessness, suicidal ideation, psychotic symptoms, or psychomotor retardation.
Criteria for Manic Episode
A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting at least 1 week (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary).
During the period of mood disturbance, three (or more) of the following symptoms have persisted (four if the mood is only irritable) and have been present to a significant degree:
- inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
- decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep)
- more talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking
- flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing
- distractibility (i.e., attention too easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli)
- increase in goal-directed activity (either socially, at work or school, or sexually) or psychomotor agitation
- excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (e.g., engaging in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments)
Diagnosing the Diagnostician: "Bipolar Disorder" in the Psychological Community
Presence of at least one Self-Importance Episode and evidence of past
Self-Doubt episodes. Condition in which academics or professionals unconsciously mask excessive self-doubt beneath an exterior of excessive certainty and self-importance. (It has been theorized that the entire profession and science of Psychology is a sublimation of the collective insecurities of its members).
Criteria for Self-Doubt Episode
Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the
same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at
least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed humanity or (2) loss
of interest or pleasure in human nature.
Note: Do not include symptoms that are clearly due to disinterest.
- Dehumanization most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report (e.g., appears inhuman) or observed effects on others (e.g., treats students as inhuman).
- Irritability
Note: While in older male professors, we may observe efforts to be loved by undergraduate students (especially females); in younger female professors, this is manifested as an expression of power over male graduate students or an enabling of coddling, cajoling, or sycophantic behaviors in male teaching and research assistants
- Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, issues related to human nature and experience most of the day, nearly every day
(as indicated by either intellectual timidity or laziness)
- Significant intellectual impairment (e.g., a change of more than 5% of verbal IQ points in a month), or decrease or increase in occupational appetite nearly every day.
- Increased knack for inducing hypersomnia in persons with no professional affiliations with Psychology
- Methodological agitation or theoretical retardation nearly every day
- Repressed feelings of worthlessness or guilt nearly every day related to the insecurity that their approach may not reflect the one true path (not merely self-reproach or guilt about being stupid)
- Diminished ability to think or ruminate, or excessive decisiveness (as when thought is replaced by mindless adherence to professional or departmental policy), nearly every day
- Recurrent thoughts of being rejected by tenure committee (often symbolized by fear of mortality), recurrent ideation related to abdication of ones soul without a specific plan, or a conformity attempt or a specific plan for compliance that results in loss of individual ethics, vocation, or
discretionary intellect.
Self-Importance Episode
A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting at least 1 week (or any duration if hospitalization
is necessary). During the period of mood disturbance, three (or more) of the following symptoms have persisted (four if the mood is only irritable) and have
been present to a significant degree:
- Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
- Perception of decreased need for sleep in students and assistants (e.g., feels students only need 3 hours of sleep and no hours for personal thought)
- More celebratory or evangelistic than usual or given to pressure students to produce flattering statements consistent with professors philosophy
- Flight from ideas or objective experience that the science or profession of Psychology is celebrated by politicians and public
- Distractibility (i.e., attention too easily drawn from human issues in psychology to unimportant or irrelevant details of methodology or ethical code)
- Increase in goal-directed activity (either to influence public, political or professional policy or to increase uniformity within department)
- Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (e.g., prone to sleep with students or therapy clients; and another form of intercourse in which professors seek to make an example of students or assistants who do not tow the departmental line)
- The mood disturbance is sufficiently severe to cause marked impairment in vocational but not occupational functioning or in usual social activities or relationships with others but not in conformity or consensus-building. Hospitalization may be required to prevent harm to students or assistants. Psychotic features may be present.
- The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., alcohol) or a general medical condition (e.g., low brain weight or blood pressure).
Shared Psychotic Disorder
A delusion in which a preferred mode of behavior is mistaken for a norm
or imbued with normative properties. The delusion is passed from one professor
to another in a groupthink encounter. Primary means of transmission for
false norms is usually a departmental meeting, but may also be a memorandum
in the context of a close relationship with another professor, who has
an already-established false norm. Students or peers whose attitudes or
behaviors are even slightly inconsistent with the norms are perceived as
unprofessional and some form of probation or scrutiny is applied
accordingly. In faculty meetings, shared psychotic disorder can take the
form of a groupthink encounter in which attempts to ascertain adequate
and accurate information becomes secondary to -- or subjugated by -- the
goal of maintaining group harmony.
Bulimia Nervosa
Recurrent episodes of binge learning of useless and trivial facts. An
episode of binge learning is characterized by the following:
(1) Learning, in a discrete period of time (e.g., within any 2-hour period),
an amount of information that is definitely larger than most people would
consume (or could possibly digest) during a similar period of time or
regurgitate on an exam or in a single class period
(2) A sense of lack of control over learning during the episode (e.g., a feeling
that one cannot possibly retain, extract meaning from, or find a use for,
the information one has memorized or a feeling that one cannot stop learning
or control what or how much one is learning)
(3) Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior in order to prevent information
overload, such as self-induced regurgitation; misuse of laxatives, diuretics,
enemas, or other medications; periods of abstinence characterized by intense
but equally vacuous rest and relaxation activities (e.g., excessive drinking
or gratuitous exercise)
(4) The binge learning and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur,
on average, at least twice a week for 3 months.
(5) Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by how much one can retain or regurgitate
(and the student or professor often seeks inappropriate venues in which
to dispense of the information).
(6) The disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of Anorexia
Nervosa.
Specify type:
Purging Type: during the current episode of Bulimia Nervosa, the person
has regularly engaged in self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives,
diuretics, or enemas
Nonpurging Type: during the current episode of Bulimia Nervosa, the person
has used other inappropriate and compensatory rest and relaxation behaviors,
such as excessive drinking, hyper-technical reliance to a diet regimen,
or exercise , but has not regularly engaged in self-induced vomiting or
the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas
Agoraphobia
The presence of Agoraphobia related to fear of developing panic-like symptoms
(e.g., dizziness or diarrhea).
Criteria for Agoraphobia:
Anxiety about being in places or situations in which ones professional
training might not be adequate or appropriate. (As agoraphobic professors
adhere rigidly to a narrow and nurturing routine, situations or places
in which they may find their training inappropriate is fictional or theoretical,
i.e. based on imagination and fantasy rather than on prior experience).
Agoraphobic fears typically involve characteristic clusters of situations
that include being outside the university alone; being in a lay crowd
or standing in a line in wait for ones credentials; being on a bridge
between two or more ideas; and traveling to places where ones certification
may not be revered.
Note: Consider the diagnosis of Specific Phobia if the avoidance is limited
to one or only a few specific situations, or Social Phobia if the avoidance
is limited to situations involving inconsistent ideas.
The situations are avoided (e.g., travel is restricted) or else are endured
with marked distress or with anxiety about having a Panic Attack or panic-like
symptoms, or require the presence of a colleague or co-author.
Autism
Qualitative impairment in ability to (or loss of interest in) relating
to or understanding persons beneath surface behaviors they can take at
face value.
A total of six (or more) items from (1), (2), and (3), with at least two
from (1), and one each from (2) and (3):
1. Qualitative impairments in communication as manifested by at least one
of the following:
(a) Failure to reply to e-mail or phone messages (not accompanied by an attempt
to compensate through alternative modes of communication such as gesture
or mime)
(b) Stereotyped and repetitive use of jargon and the tendency to reply only
to jargon or to restrict assimilation of meaning to that which bares a
one-to-one-relationship with jargon referents. (May also attempt to weave
sentences composed entirely of bold-faced textbook terminology).
(c) Lack of imaginative or hypothetical thinking beyond the null-hypothesis
testing system
2. Restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests,
and activities, as manifested by at least one of the following:
(a) Encompassing preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and restricted
patterns of interest that is abnormal either in intensity (i.e., -isms
like logical positivism and professionalism) or focus (i.e., attention
limited to applied issues [e.g. gerontology], procedures [e.g., program
evaluation], or systems [e.g., ergonomics]). Intolerance for concepts
with no obvious concrete and immediate referents.
(b) Apparently inflexible adherence to specific, nonfunctional policies or
procedures
(c) Stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms (e.g., student evaluation
meetings, or complex whole-body movements, i.e. witch-hunts)
(d) Persistent preoccupation with parts of psychology (i.e., the neuron) or
reification of fluid and fuzzy processes into static terms with circumscribed
meanings (i.e., id, ego, and superego). Inability to think abstractly
or relationally and thus to comprehend or extend meaning.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
A pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking, beginning
by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated
by five (or more) of the following:
(1) Is uncomfortable in situations in which he or she is not the center of
attention. Because the individual professor has sacrificed a personal
for a professional identity, he or she also includes
the department, profession, or research team.
(2) Interaction with others is often characterized by inappropriate seductive
or provocative behavior. There is an extreme extraversion characterized
by a demand for a mutual dissolution of individual selves in a collective
unit. Behavior may mask a more deeply seated vampire fetish.
(3) Displays rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions confined
to precise or professional words used as a method of intimidation to underscore
values, e.g. inappropriate. This style of speech may be excessively
impressionistic and lacking in detail so that students do not know what
is exactly is meant by inappropriate (e.g., irrational?; unethical?;
ineffective?; evil?).
(4) Consistently uses physical appearance (i.e., ID badges, diplomas and certificates,
attaché cases, cell phones and pagers) to draw attention to self
(5) Shows self-dramatization, theatricality, and exaggerated expression of
emotion sublimated through professional outlets, e.g. vitas, web sites,
policy statements, course syllabi.
(6) Is suggestible, i.e., easily influenced by professional or technical authorities
(7) Considers relationships to be more intimate than they actually are, as
is evidenced in the sense of personal betrayal they express when a students
behavior or viewpoint is inconsistent with departmental or professional
norms.
Psychogenic Amnesia
Psychogenic Amnesia is a sudden inability by a professor of Psychology
to recall the importance of psychological phenomena (or to find psychological
causes for psychological phenomena) that is too extensive to be explained
by ordinary skepticism and is not associated with an organic lack of intelligence.
The completeness of the amnesia and the time period involved may vary
widely. Amnesia is indicated by five (or more) of the following:
(1) Draws conclusions about psychological phenomena (e.g., dreams) based
on Statistics or on the Application of Mechanical Devices to the brain
(e.g., EEG measures of REM latency).
(2) Quick to temper when phenomena does not readily lend itself to mathematical
or mechanical research methodologies
(3) Is easily distracted by administrative tasks
reduces normally unified functions of identity, memory, or consciousness
to singular biological structures or statistical laws, or else treat each
function as if independent of a whole person
(NOTE: Consider the diagnosis Psychogenic Fugue in cases where
a new identity is assumed which may involve, but is not limited to, that
of Biologist, Sociologist, or Actuarial Scientist. Psychogenic Fugue is
also ruled in by sudden, unexpected travel away from lab or lectern
). (NOTE: Consider the diagnosis Dissociative Identity
Disorder in cases where faculty revises mission statements and joins
student recruiting drives but not for normal administrative duties. Consider
diagnosis if faculty refers to self as Head but not as Chair).
Depersonalization Disorder
Depersonalization feelings may occur as a symptom in a wide range of
psychiatric and neurological conditions. Depersonalization is only considered
to be a diagnosable disorder when it occurs in the absence of one of these
other conditions, and is severe enough to cause social or occupational
impairment or marked distress.
Depersonalization involves an alteration in the students, clients,
or subjects sense of self, resulting directly from behavior of faculty
instructor, therapist, or researcher respectively. The person feels unreal,
as if in a dream, like a machine, dead, self-estranged, or otherwise significantly
changed from normal. Sensory disturbances such as anesthesias, paresthesias,
a change in the sense of body size or body parts, macroscopia or microscopia,
or the experience of being outside of one's body and watching one's self
from a distance or looking down from above are often present and accompanied
by a generalized sense of inhumanity. The individual may also have passive-influence
experiences, feeling controlled or as if functions such as speech are
not under the individual's control but have a "mind of their own."
Psychatization Disorder (opposite of Somatization Disorder)
A. A history of many theories beginning before tenure that occur over
a period of several years and result in punishment for the belief that
most phenomena have a psychological cause or result in significant impairment
in compliance, conformity, or other important areas of professional functioning.
B. Each of the following criteria must have been met, with individual
symptoms occurring at any time during the course of the disturbance:
(1) Four hypotheses: a history of psychodynamic or humanistic theory
related to at least four different sites or functions (e.g., attitudes,
dreams, unconscious processes, conscious processes, extremities)
(2) Two breaches of scientific precepts: repeat offenses of at least two
scientific precepts (e.g., falsifiability, parsimony, replicability) or
at least one violation of the null hypothesis testing system
(3) One reproductive or meiotic symptom: a history of at least one proliferation
symptom (e.g., indifference to the opinion of others, failure to consult
departmental policy or faculty expectations, indifference to publishing
results and fewer than three voluntary, extracurricular consultations
of research literature, vomiting throughout Psychobiology)
(4) One pseudopsychological symptom: a history of at least one attempt
to explain a phenomenon with a known organic cause in terms of dynamic
or motivational factors.
Conversion Disorder
A. Inability of professor to compel compliance or conformity from his
students; inability to win students over to departmental or professional
point of view.
B. Failure is deemed the result of a professional skills deficit or incomplete
professional conditioning. May warrant suspension of associate status
or reduction to assistant status.
C. The symptom or deficit is not intentionally produced or feigned (factitious)
to lull a student into a false sense of latitude (malingering) punishable
by probation or expulsion
D. Inability to cause clinically significant distress or impairment in
student with deviant or malformed views.
E. The deficit does not occur exclusively during the course of a distraction
(house closing, birth of child, new publication, or administrative duties)
and is not better accounted for by another mental disorder.
Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder
A phenomenon is classified with this disorder if it cannot readily be
explained in terms of organic or hyper-rational (i.e., Cognitive Science)
causes.
A. Either (1) or (2):
(1) After appropriate investigation, the symptoms cannot be fully explained
by a known general biological condition or the direct effects of non-conscious
cognitive processing
(2) When there is a related general biological condition, the phenomenon
is in excess of what would be expected from the physical examination or
laboratory findings
B. The phenomenon causes clinically significant distress or impairment
in occupational functioning.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
A pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and inability to understand the ideas or qualities of others
that deviate from their own:
(1) Has a grandiose sense of self-importance (e.g., exaggerates achievements and talents, expects to be recognized as superior without commensurate achievements)
(2) Is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance,
beauty, or ideal love (believes a member of psychology can make the cover
of Time magazine)
(3) Requires excessive admiration (usually from undergraduate students or
graduate assistants)
(4) Has a sense of entitlement, i.e., unreasonable expectations of automatic
compliance with his or her expectations
(5) Is interpersonally exploitative, i.e., takes advantage of others to achieve his or her own ends (e.g., [a] relies on colleagues to conspire against a student, [b] relies on colleagues to put the force of a new norm or policy behind his or her opinion or preference or [c] claims support from non-specific or non-existent norms/policies)
(6) Lacks empathy: is unwilling to recognize or identify with the feelings and needs of others. (May be indifferent to alternative views or view the alternatives as expressions of defiance)
(7) Is often envious of others or believes that others are envious of him or her
(8) Shows arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
An inscrutable pattern of irritable, hostile, and defiant behavior lasting at least 6 months, during which four (or more) of the following are present:
(1) Often complains about things of which the student should not be expected to care (i.e., things of a personal or petty nature about which the student is not given ample information)
(2) Often starts petty arguments with proteges or assistants
(3) Often actively defies or refuses to comply with norms of courtesy and respect
(4) Often deliberately annoys students or other professors with disparaging remarks aimed to release the anger; often blames others for his or her mistakes or misbehavior
(5) Is often touchy or easily annoyed by others
(6) Is often angry and resentful
(7) Is often spiteful or vindictive
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
A. Preoccupation with an imagined defect in the professionalism of a
students work. If a slight format or style anomaly is present (e.g.,
indenting first rather than second line of citation in References consistent
with obsolete edition of APA Style handbook), the professors concern
is markedly excessive.
B. The preoccupation causes clinically significant distress to the professor
or harm to the students career.
NOTE: Do not diagnose if the student writes at a third grade level (i.e.,
retarded or regressive). See Appendix B for differential diagnosis so
as not to confuse with APA format.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Either obsessions or compulsions:
Obsessions as defined by (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5):
(1) Excessive development, enforcement, or promotion of uniform professional
or scientific code that severely limits the discretion of students and
peers to pursue teaching, research, or therapy according to own conscience
or intellect. (2) Motivated by recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses,
or images related to what the profession or science of Psychology should
be.
(3) The injunctions must cause marked anxiety or distress in students
(4) The professor attempts to neutralize students who engage in inconsistent
behaviors and may resort to excessive measures to prevent or discourage
noncompliance, often targeting attitudes
(5) May mistake (or attempt to pass off) the product of his or her own mind
for an aspect of the departmental or professional consensus, thus misattributing
or strategically attributing personal opinions to peers or professionals
Compulsions as defined by (1) and (2):
(1) Repetitive evaluation (e.g., evaluation meetings and forms) or evangelistic
behaviors (e.g., teaching Freud is either a [a] charlatan or [b] chauvinist
to Psych 101 students) that the professor feels driven to perform in response
to an obsession, or according to rules that must be applied rigidly
(2) The behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing distress
associated with the fear of non-uniformity or with personal insecurities
that what he or she is doing as a professor is really right. The emphasis
on correctness here is projected (or displaced) outward on others, who
are consequently held to a subjective or stultifying standard of correctness.
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